Leonel Brizola

Leonel de Moura Brizola was born on 22 January 1922 in Carazinho, Rio Grande do Sul, and died in Rio de Janeiro on 21 June 2004 of a heart attack. A civil engineer, he was a state deputy, mayor of Porto Alegre from 1956 to 1958, and governor of Rio Grande do Sul from 1959 to 1963. In 1950 he married Neusa Goulart, sister of João Goulart, with Getúlio Vargas among the sponsors. In August 1961, after Jânio Quadros resigned, military ministers tried to block Goulart from taking office. Brizola opened the Campanha da Legalidade from the Piratini Palace, over a chain of radio stations. Goulart took office under a parliamentary deal that Brizola rejected.

As governor he took the Bond and Share electric company into public hands in 1959 and the ITT telephone company in 1962. That was not a program to abolish private enterprise. In 1958 he refused the support of the Brazilian Communist Party and described trabalhismo, the labor tradition, as nationalist and as a defense of property put to a social purpose. His term as a federal deputy for Guanabara, begun in 1963, was cut short by the 1964 coup. An exile of fifteen years followed, in Uruguay, the United States, and Portugal. He returned in 1979. The PTB acronym went to another group. He founded the Partido Democrático Trabalhista and was its president.

He governed Rio de Janeiro from 1983 to 1987, with Darcy Ribeiro as vice governor, and again from 1991 to 1994. In the first of those terms he built the Centros Integrados de Educação Pública, full-time public schools known as Brizolões. The plain schoolhouses of the earlier Rio Grande do Sul enrollment drive were the Brizoletas. They are two policies and two nicknames. In the 1989 presidential election he finished third, by less than one percentage point behind Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The runoff was between Fernando Collor and Lula. He did not win the later races, among them the vice-presidency on Lula's 1998 ticket and a Senate seat for Rio de Janeiro in 2002. This record is not an endorsement, and it is not a vote.

Economy runs from Collectivize to Privatize, and Control from Planned to Laissez-faire. The trabalhismo he defended wants an active state in energy, communications, schools, and land reform, and it stops short of abolishing property. The takeovers are public direction of strategic sectors, not a command economy. The test can show that mixed band in someone else's answers. It cannot show it as his score.

Intervention runs from Internationalist to Nationalist. The Campanha da Legalidade was an internal fight for a constitutional succession. The economic nationalism, and the friction with the United States over the takeovers, sit toward Nationalist without, by themselves, reaching ultranationalism. Culture runs from Progressive to Traditional. The priority of full-time public school pulls toward inclusion and toward Progressive. It does not fix religion, custom, or the far end of the axis. Representation sits toward Democratic in the 1961 episode: the demand was that the person named by the constitution take office. That is not a complete political system.

The military, immigration, trade, and technology are not settled by those episodes. This site's figure list is an editorial catalog, and Leonel Brizola is not in it. Getúlio Vargas is. Vargas's page is a different person, the wedding sponsor and the larger name of the earlier trabalhismo, not a substitute coordinate. Printing twelve invented numbers would pretend a guess was a result. He did not take this test.